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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00025_Field_frep60.txt
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1996-12-30
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The postsynaptic membrane
is likewise specialized:
embedded in it are protein pores
called receptors, which
respond to the
neurotransmitter by causing
channels to open, allowing one
or more species of ions to pass
through. Just which ions
(sodium, potassium, chloride)
are allowed to pass determines
whether the postsynaptic cell
is itself depolarized or is
stabilized and prevented from
depolarizing.
To sum up so far, a nerve
impulse arrives at the axon
terminal and causes special
neurotransmitter molecules to
be released. These
neurotransmitters act on the
postsynaptic membrane either
to lower its membrane potential
or to keep its membrane
potential from being lowered. If
the membrane potential is
lowered, the frequency of firing
increases; we call such a
synapse excitatory. If instead
the membrane is stabilized at a
value above threshold,
impulses do not occur or occur
less often; in this case, the
synapse is termed inhibitory.
Whether a given synapse is
excitatory or inhibitory
depends on which
neurotransmitter is released
and which receptor molecules
are present. Acetylcholine, the
best-known transmitter, is in
some synapses excitatory and
in others inhibitory: it excites
limb and trunk muscles but
inhibits the heart.
Noradrenaline is usually
excitatory; gamma-amino
butyric acid (GABA) is usually
inhibitory. As far as we know, a
given synapse remains either
excitatory or inhibitory for the
life of the animal.
Any one nerve cell is
contacted along its dendrites
and cell body by tens,
hundreds, or thousands of
terminals; at any instant it is
thus being told by some
synapses to depolarize and by
others not to. An impulse
coming in over an excitatory
terminal will depolarize the
postsynaptic cell; if an impulse
comes in simultaneously over
an inhibitory terminal, the
effects of the two will tend to
cancel each other. At any given
time the level of the membrane
potential is the result of all the
excitatory and inhibitory
influences added together. A
single impulse coming into one
axon terminal generally has
only a miniscule effect on the
next cell, and the effect lasts
only a few milliseconds before
it dies out. When impulses
arrive at a cell from several
other nerve cells, the nerve
cell sums up, or integrates,
their effects. If the membrane
potential is sufficiently
reduced--if the excitatory
events occur in enough
terminals and at a high enough
rate--the depolarization will be
enough to generate impulses,
usually in the form of a
repetitive train. The site of
impulse initiation is usually
where the axon leaves the cell
body, because this happens to
be where a depolarization of a
given size is most likely to
produce a regenerative impulse,
perhaps owing to an especially
high concentration of sodium
channels in the membrane. The
more the membrane is
depolarized at this point, the
greater the number of impulses
initiated every second.